How should segregation of duties be enforced when there is a single database administrator with root access?

The most effective way to reinforce compliance with segregation of duties in a scenario where there is a single database administrator (DBA) with root access is to forward database logs to a UNIX server where the DBA does not have root access. This method introduces a level of separation between the administrative capabilities of the DBA and the audit logging that can help ensure accountability.

When the DBA performs actions within the database, logging those actions is crucial. By forwarding these logs to a server where the DBA lacks root access, you create an independent audit trail that cannot be tampered with by the DBA. This reinforces the integrity of the logging process, allowing for unbiased monitoring and assessment of the DBA's activity. In essence, it mitigates the risks associated with having a single point of control over both the database and its logs, ensuring that if an audit or investigation is needed, there is a secure and tamper-proof record of actions taken.

Other options may not effectively enforce segregation of duties. Hiring a second DBA could increase security but also introduces additional complexities and costs that might not be necessary for every organization. Removing the DBA's root access across all UNIX servers could hinder their ability to perform necessary tasks effectively, creating operational challenges. Logging and backing up actions, while important for monitoring